As for much of the tech industry, 2018 has been a year of reckoning for artificial intelligence. As AI systems have been integrated into more products and services, the technology's shortcomings have become clearer. Researchers, companies, and the general public have all begun to grapple more with the limitations of AI and its adverse effects, asking important questions like: how is this technology being used, and for whose benefit? This reckoning has been most visible as a parade of negative headlines about algorithmic systems. This year saw the first deaths caused by self-driving cars; the Cambridge Analytica scandal; accusations that Facebook facilitated genocide in Myanmar; the revelation that Google helped the Pentagon train drone surveillance tools; and ethical questions over the tech giant's human-sounding AI assistant. The research group AI Now described 2018 as a year of "cascading scandals" for the field, and it's an accurate, if disheartening, summary.

If 2016 was the year of putting failures behind it, Microsoft's 2017 was a year of focus. Over the past 12 months we've seen the software giant successfully execute on its plan to become a major cloud competitor. It's a massive part of Microsoft's business now, and it will only continue to grow into 2018. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella also revealed that the company's future is in artificial intelligence, Mixed Reality, and quantum computing. We've seen early work in all three areas this year, even if quantum computing and true artificial intelligence are still a ways off in the industry.

Artificial intelligence boomed this year like few other areas in tech, but despite the scientific breakthroughs, glut of funding, and new products rolling out to consumers, the field has problems that can't be ignored. Some of these, like company-driven hype and sensationalist headlines, need better communication from the media and experts. Others challenges are more nuanced and will take longer to address, such as bias in algorithms and the growing threat of tech firms becoming AI monopolies as they hoover up data and talent. Artificial intelligence was everywhere in 2017, and although you're right to be skeptical when you hear this, it's positive news. Experts compare AI to electricity because it's a resource with the potential to transform a broad range of industries.